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255 judgments found.


Vladimir Vasilyev v. Russia

Country: Russia
Year: 2012
Court: European Court of Human Rights
Citation: Application no. 28370/05
Health Topics: Diet and nutrition, Disabilities, Health care and health services, Medical malpractice, Prisons
Human Rights: Freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, Right to due process/fair trial, Right to health
Facts:

The applicant Mr Vladimir Aleksandrovich Vasilyev, a Russian national was born in1953. In 1996 he was arrested for attempted rape and several counts of murder. Later in December, 1997 he was convicted of rape and murder and was sentenced to death by the Supreme Court of the Komi Republic. In 1999 the President of Russia …Read more

Tags: Medical malpractice
Download Judgment: English

Andrzej Karpisiewicz v. Poland

Country: Poland
Year: 2012
Court: The European Court of Human Rights
Citation: Application no. 14730/09 Andrzej KARPISIEWICZ against Poland
Health Topics: Chronic and noncommunicable diseases, Health care and health services, Medical malpractice, Mental health
Human Rights: Right to due process/fair trial, Right to life
Facts:

The applicant was a Polish national who claimed that his brother (a deceased) had been subjected to improper medical treatment at Kalisz hospital in Poland where the deceased was first examined and treated on emergency on August 26, 2007. After the first treatment, the deceased was diagnosed with acute pancreatitis on August 27, 2007. The …Read more

Download Judgment: English

Valeriy Samoylov v. Russia

Country: Russia
Year: 2012
Court: The European Court of Human Rights
Citation: CASE OF VALERIY SAMOYLOV v. RUSSIA
Health Topics: Chronic and noncommunicable diseases, Health care and health services, Prisons
Human Rights: Freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, Right to liberty and security of person
Facts:

The applicant was a Russian national who had been convicted of large scale embezzlement in an organized criminal group and abuse of power. After the investigation in to the crime began, an order by the investigator prohibited the applicant from leaving town and behave good as he had failed to comply with summons for interviews …Read more

Download Judgment: English

Edward Wiater v. Poland

Country: Poland
Year: 2012
Court: The European Court of Human Rights
Citation: Edward WIATER against Poland
Health Topics: Chronic and noncommunicable diseases, Health systems and financing, Medicines
Human Rights: Freedom from discrimination, Right to life
Facts:

The applicant was a polish national who had been suffering from narcolepsy (chronic sleep disorder) since 1977 followed by diabetes and hypertension in 1989, sleep apnoea in 1996 and epilepsy 1998. In 1998, he was advised by his psychiatrist to take the drug Vigil (Modafinil) as it could make his condition better than existing drugs. …Read more

Download Judgment: English

Sosinowksa v. Poland

Country: Poland
Year: 2012
Court: The European Court of Human Rights
Citation: CASE OF SOSINOWSKA v. POLAND
Health Topics: Health care and health services, Health information
Human Rights: Freedom of expression, Right to due process/fair trial
Facts:

The applicant was a lung specialist in Poland. She couldn’t agree with the chief physician of the ward she had been working in regarding the decisions he had been making in relation to the diagnosis and treatment of patients. The applicant then communicated the matter to the regional consultant for lung diseases, specifying how the …Read more

Download Judgment: English

Gorobet v. Moldova

Country: Moldova
Year: 2012
Court: The European Court of Human Rights
Citation: CASE OF GOROBET v. MOLDOVA
Health Topics: Health care and health services, Health information, Informed consent, Medical malpractice, Mental health
Human Rights: Freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, Right to liberty and security of person
Facts:

The applicant was a Moldovan national. He was taken to a psychiatrist hospital from his house on 25 February 2008 by police officers. In the hospital, he was placed with patients with serious mental disorders, he wasn’t given the chance to contact his lawyer or his family despite his repeated requests, and injections had been administered …Read more

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Kiyutin v. Russia

Country: Russia
Year: 2011
Court: European Court of Human Rights
Citation: Application No. 2700/10, (2011) 53 EHRR 26; [2011] ECHR 439
Health Topics: HIV/AIDS, Infectious diseases
Human Rights: Freedom from discrimination, Freedom of movement and residence, Right to family life, Right to housing
Facts:

K was born in the Uzbek SSR of the Soviet Union and acquired Uzbekistan citizenship following the collapse of the USSR. In October 2002, K’s brother purchased a house in the Oryol Region of Russia. In 2003, K, his half brother and their mother moved into this house. In July 2003, K married a Russian …Read more

Tags: AIDS, HIV, HIV positive, HIV status, Most-at-risk, People living with HIV/AIDS, PLHIV, Sexually transmitted diseases, Sexually transmitted infections, STDs, STIs

Fyodorov and Fyodorova v. Ukraine

Country: Ukraine
Year: 2011
Court: European Court of Human Rights
Citation: Application No. 39229/03
Health Topics: Aging, Informed consent, Mental health, Violence
Human Rights: Freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, Right to bodily integrity, Right to due process/fair trial, Right to privacy
Facts:

Two Ukrainian nationals lodged this complaint against the Ukraine under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights (the “Convention”) in 2003. The applicants alleged that they were ill-treated by the police and that no effective investigations of the event took place. One of the applicants also alleged that he had been …Read more

Tags: Aged persons, Assault, Compulsory commitment, Compulsory confinement, Compulsory examination, Cruel treatment, Degrading treatment, Elderly, Forced examination, Health care professionals, Humiliating treatment, Inhuman treatment, Involuntary commitment, Involuntary confinement, Involuntary examination, Law enforcement, Mandatory confinement, Mandatory examination, Mental disorder, Mental illness, Older persons, Patient choice, Police, Psychiatry, Psychology, Senior citizens
Download Judgment: English Russian

MGN Limited v. United Kingdom

Country: United Kingdom
Year: 2011
Court: European Court of Human Rights
Citation: Application No. 39401/04; (2011) 53 EHRR 5; [2011] ECHR 66; [2011] EMLR 20; [2011] 1 Costs LO 84; 29 BHRC 686
Health Topics: Controlled substances, Health information
Human Rights: Freedom of expression, Right to privacy
Facts:

The applicant is a publisher of a national daily newspaper in the United Kingdom, The Daily Mirror (the “applicant”). In early 2001 the applicant carried a front-page article entitled “Naomi: I am a drug addict”, placed between two color photographs of Ms. Naomi Campbell, a well-known model. The first photograph showed her dressed in a …Read more

Tags: Addiction, Disclosure, Drug abuse, Rehabilitation, Secrecy, Substance abuse
Download Judgment: English

R.R. v. Poland

Country: Poland
Year: 2011
Court: European Court of Human Rights
Citation: App. No. 27617/04, Eur. Ct. H.R. Rep. 648 (2011).
Health Topics: Health care and health services, Health systems and financing, Hospitals, Sexual and reproductive health
Human Rights: Freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, Right to bodily integrity, Right to due process/fair trial, Right to family life, Right to health, Right to privacy
Facts:

The applicant Ms. R.R., a Polish citizen, brought an action against the then Malopolska Regional Medical Insurance Fund and Dr. S.B. for failure to perform timely prenatal examinations and allow her the possibility of deciding whether to terminate her pregnancy with the conditions provided by law for the malformation of her child (Turner syndrome). The …Read more

Tags: Abortion, Access to health care, Access to treatment, Criminalization, Cruel treatment, Degrading treatment, Family planning, Genetic disease, Health care technology, Health funding, Health regulation, Inhuman treatment, Out-of-pocket expenditures, Private hospitals, Public hospitals, Termination of pregnancy, Testing, Torture
Download Judgment: English Polish

V.C. v. Slovakia

Country: Slovakia
Year: 2011
Court: European Court of Human Rights
Citation: App. No. 18968/07, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2011).
Health Topics: Health care and health services, Hospitals, Informed consent, Medical malpractice, Sexual and reproductive health
Human Rights: Freedom from discrimination, Freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, Right of access to information, Right to family life, Right to privacy
Facts:

The applicant, a woman of Roma origin, was sterilized at the hospital during the delivery of her second child. Prior to the Cesarean section, the medical personnel allegedly asked the applicant whether she wanted any more children. When she expressed that she did, the medical personnel allegedly told the applicant that if she got pregnant …Read more

Tags: Birth control, Caesarean, Childbirth, Compulsory sterilization, Contraception, Contraceptives, Family planning, Forced sterilization, Forced treatment, Health facilities, Inappropriate treatment, Infertility, Informed choice, Involuntary sterilization, Involuntary treatment, Mandatory sterilization, Mandatory treatment, Maternal health, Maternal mortality, Non-consensual testing and treatment, Patient choice, Pregnancy, Sterilization, Unauthorized treatment
Download Judgment: English

Elefteriadis v. Romania

Country: Romania
Year: 2011
Court: European Court of Human Rights
Citation: Application No. 38427/05
Health Topics: Chronic and noncommunicable diseases, Health care and health services, Health systems and financing, Prisons, Tobacco
Human Rights: Freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment
Facts:

Applicant, Mr. Elefteriadis, alleged that he was exposed to second-hand smoke in crowded cells during several periods of detention, as well as in transport vehicles during frequent transfers between prison and court and in designated rooms for prisoners awaiting hearings. The applicant claimed such situations contravened Article 3 (freedom from inhuman and degrading treatment) of …Read more

Tags: Access to health care, Access to treatment, Cancer, Degrading treatment, Detainee, Detention, Humiliating treatment, Imprisonment, Incarceration, Inhuman treatment, Inmate, Lung disease, Noncommunicable diseases, Passive smoking, Prison conditions, Pulmonary diseases, Respiratory diseases, Second-hand smoke, Smoking
Download Judgment: French

Khatayev v. Russia

Country: Russia
Year: 2011
Court: European Court of Human Rights
Citation: App. No 56994/09, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2011).
Health Topics: Health care and health services, Infectious diseases, Prisons, Violence
Human Rights: Freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment
Facts:

The applicant, a Russian citizen who was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis and tuberculosis papillitis of the kidneys, was transferred to a special “medical colony” to serve a prison sentence of two years and six months for an aggravated robbery conviction. Upon his arrival, the facility provided a new complex prophylactic examination by a tuberculosis specialist …Read more

Tags: Abuse, Access to health care, Access to treatment, Assault, Cruel treatment, Custody, Degrading treatment, Detainee, Detention, Diagnostics, Humiliating treatment, Imprisonment, Incarceration, Inhuman treatment, Inmate, Prison conditions, Solitary confinement, TB, Tuberculosis
Download Judgment: English

M.S.S. v. Belgium and Greece

Country: Greece
Year: 2011
Court: European Court of Human Rights
Citation: M.S.S. v. Belg. & Greece, App. No. 30696/09, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2011).
Health Topics: Health care and health services, Mental health, Prisons, Violence
Human Rights: Freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, Right to due process/fair trial, Right to life
Facts:

The applicant is an Afghan male who in early 2008 fled war-stricken Kabul, where he claimed to have feared for his life as a result of his service as a translator for international air force troops based in that city. The applicant first entered Greece, where Greek authorities entered his fingerprints into the common European …Read more

Tags: Assault, Asylum, Custody, Degrading treatment, Detainee, Detention, Humiliating treatment, Imprisonment, Incarceration, Inmate, Prison conditions, Refugees
Download Judgment: English French

Kharchenko v. Ukraine

Country: Ukraine
Year: 2011
Court: European Court of Human Rights
Citation: Application no. 40107/02
Health Topics: Chronic and noncommunicable diseases, Health care and health services, Prisons
Human Rights: Freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, Right to due process/fair trial, Right to health, Right to liberty and security of person
Facts:

K was named as a witness in a case brought against a company involving embezzlement. During the investigation, the prosecutor brought criminal charges against K for his suspected involvement in the embezzlement, and on 7 April 2001, K was detained by the authorities pursuant to the prosecutor’s order. The detention, based on a request of …Read more

Tags: Access to health care, Cruel and unusual punishment, Custody, Detainee, Detention, Heart disease, Jail, Prison conditions
Download Judgment: English Russian

Finogenov and Others v. Russia

Country: Russia
Year: 2011
Court: European Court of Human Rights
Citation: Application Nos. 18299/03 and 27311/03
Health Topics: Disasters and emergencies, Health care and health services, Hospitals, Public safety, Violence
Human Rights: Right to due process/fair trial, Right to life
Facts:

On 23 October 2002 a group of terrorists armed with machine-guns and explosives took hostages in the ‘Dubrovka’ theatre in Moscow. For three days, more than 900 people were held at gunpoint and the theatre building was booby-trapped with suicide bombers positioned amongst the hostages. During the three days, the terrorists made certain demands and …Read more

Tags: Emergency care, Health care professionals, Health care workers, Health facilities, Law enforcement, Manmade disaster, Police, Terrorism, Threat of violence
Download Judgment: English

Hadzic and Suljic v. Bosnia and Herzegovina

Country: Bosnia-Herzegovina
Year: 2011
Court: European Court of Human Rights
Citation: Application Nos. 39446/06 and 33849/08
Health Topics: Mental health, Prisons
Human Rights: Freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, Right to liberty and security of person
Facts:

Mr. Hadzic and Mr. Suljic were detained in the Psychiatric Annex of Zenica Prison. Each claimed that their detention was unlawful under Article 5, section 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights (“Convention”), which protects the right to liberty and security of person They argued that the Annex was not an appropriate institution for …Read more

Tags: Compulsory confinement, Custody, Detainee, Detention, Imprisonment, Incarceration, Inmate, Involuntary confinement, Jail, Mandatory commitment, Mandatory confinement, Mental disability, Mental disorder, Mental illness, Mental institution, Prison conditions, Seclusion
Download Judgment: English

R.R. v. Poland

Country: Poland
Year: 2011
Court: European Court of Human Rights
Citation: Application No. 27617/04
Health Topics: Health care and health services, Sexual and reproductive health
Human Rights: Freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, Right of access to information, Right to privacy
Facts:

This case concerned access to timely prenatal examinations in order to make an informed decision whether or not to continue with a pregnancy. During her eighteenth week of pregnancy, RR’s doctor told her that her fetus might be affected by a malformation. RR informed her doctor that if further tests confirmed the malformation, she would …Read more

Tags: Abortion, Abortion counseling, Access to treatment, Degrading treatment, Diagnostics, Examination, Family planning, Humiliating treatment, Late-term abortion, Partial birth abortion, Pregnancy, Termination of pregnancy, Testing, Viability
Download Judgment: English

S.H. v. Austria

Country: Austria
Year: 2011
Court: European Court of Human Rights
Citation: Application No. 57813/00
Health Topics: Health care and health services, Sexual and reproductive health
Human Rights: Right to family life, Right to privacy
Facts:

The four applicants in this case were two couples suffering from infertility. The first couple included a woman who suffered from fallopian-tube-related infertility, which prevented ova from passing into her uterus, and her husband, who was infertile. The second couple included a woman who suffered from agonadism, which means she did not produce ova at …Read more

Tags: Access to treatment, Assisted reproductive technology, Family planning, Fertility, In utero fertilization, In vitro fertilization, Infertility, Pregnancy
Download Judgment: English

Haas v. Switzerland

Country: Switzerland
Year: 2011
Court: The European Court of Human Rights
Citation: CASE OF HAAS v. SWITZERLAND
Health Topics: Controlled substances, Mental health, Public safety
Human Rights: Right to life, Right to privacy
Facts:

The applicant was a Swiss national who lodged a claim before the European Court on Human Rights (the ECHR), relying on Article 8 of the European Convention on Human right (the Convention), that his right when and how to end his own life had been violated by the state. The applicant claimed to the ECHR …Read more

Download Judgment: English

LOGVINENKO v. UKRAINE

Country: Ukraine
Year: 2011
Court: The European Court of Human Rights
Citation: CASE OF LOGVINENKO v. UKRAINE
Health Topics: Health care and health services, HIV/AIDS, Infectious diseases, Prisons
Human Rights: Freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, Right to liberty and security of person
Facts:

The applicant was a Ukrainian national and lodged his claim to the European Court of Human Rights (the ECHR) on grounds that he had been subjected to inhuman and degrading treatment in violation of Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the Convention) due to the conditions of his detention in prison; lack …Read more

Download Judgment: English

Kozhokar v. Russia

Country: Russia
Year: 2011
Court: The European Court of Human Rights
Citation: CASE OF KOZHOKAR v. RUSSIA
Health Topics: Controlled substances, Health care and health services, HIV/AIDS, Infectious diseases, Prisons
Human Rights: Freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, Right to due process/fair trial
Facts:

The applicant was a Russian national who was convicted of drug trafficking and was serving his sentence in prison in Russia. The applicant complained to the European Court of Human Rights (the ECHR) about the conditions of his detention in the cells he had been imprisoned in, and that an effective domestic remedy hadn’t been …Read more

Download Judgment: English

Vasyukov v. Russia

Country: Russia
Year: 2011
Court: The European Court of Human Rights
Citation: CASE OF VASYUKOV v. RUSSIA
Health Topics: Health care and health services, HIV/AIDS, Infectious diseases, Prisons
Human Rights: Freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, Right to health
Facts:

The applicant was Russian who was sentenced to 12 years of imprisonment in 1997. The government submitted that the applicant had undergone chest fluorography examination twice a year except for the year 2000 and 2001. There had not been a sign of Tuberculosis (TB) from the first examination in 1997. His medical records from 1998 …Read more

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Subasic v. Croatia

Country: Croatia
Year: 2010
Court: European Court of Human Rights
Citation: Application No. 49740/06; [2010] ECHR 604
Health Topics: Child and adolescent health, Health systems and financing, Sexual and reproductive health
Human Rights: Freedom from discrimination, Right to due process/fair trial, Right to family life, Right to property, Right to social security
Facts:

In August 1998, Maja Šubašić, a Croatian national, gave birth prematurely to twin girls while visiting Athens. As a result, her daughters had to be hospitalized in Athens for three months. In October, the Croatian Health Insurance Fund reimbursed Mrs. Šubašić for the costs of her own medical treatment. In April 1999, however, the Fund …Read more

Tags: Childbirth, Health insurance, Infant health, Out-of-pocket expenditures, Reimbursement, Social security
Download Judgment: English Croatian

A, B and C v. Ireland

Country: Ireland
Year: 2010
Court: European Court of Human Rights
Citation: A, B, and C v. Ir., App. No. 25579/05, Eur. Ct. H.R. 2032 (2010).
Health Topics: Chronic and noncommunicable diseases, Health care and health services, Health information, Health systems and financing, Medicines, Mental health, Sexual and reproductive health
Human Rights: Freedom from discrimination, Freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, Freedom of movement and residence, Right of access to information, Right to bodily integrity, Right to due process/fair trial, Right to family life, Right to health, Right to life, Right to privacy
Facts:

Three applicants, two Irish nationals and one Lithuanian national, travelled to the United Kingdom in 2005 to have an abortion, each applicant believing they were not entitled to an abortion in Ireland. The first applicant decided to have an abortion to avoid jeopardizing her chances of reuniting her four previous children who were in foster …Read more

Tags: Abortion, Abortion counseling, Abortion technique, Access to drugs, Access to health care, Access to medicines, Access to treatment, Awareness, Cancer, Criminalization, Degrading treatment, Depression, Family planning, Freedom of information, Health care professionals, Health care workers, Health education, Health regulation, Humiliating treatment, Noncommunicable diseases, Pregnancy, Suicide, Termination of pregnancy, Therapeutic abortion
Download Judgment: English

Kayankin v. Russia

Country: Russia
Year: 2010
Court: European Court of Human Rights
Citation: Kayankin v. Russia, App. No. 24427/02, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2010).
Health Topics: Chronic and noncommunicable diseases, Health care and health services, Health systems and financing, Medical malpractice, Mental health, Violence
Human Rights: Freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, Right to due process/fair trial
Facts:

The applicant, a Russian citizen, appeared before a military medical commission for a preliminary health assessment prior to being drafted to the Russian military. The commission diagnosed the applicant with hypotrophy of unknown genesis and declared him temporarily unfit to serve in the military. Six months later, the commission reexamined the applicant and found him …Read more

Tags: Cruel treatment, Degrading treatment, Detainee, Detention, Duty of care, Inhuman treatment, Tort, Torture
Download Judgment: English Russian

Oyal v. Turkey

Country: Turkey
Year: 2010
Court: European Court of Human Rights
Citation: App. No. 4864/05, Eur. Ct. H.R. (unpublished) (2010).
Health Topics: Child and adolescent health, Health care and health services, Health systems and financing, HIV/AIDS, Hospitals, Infectious diseases, Medical malpractice, Poverty
Human Rights: Right to due process/fair trial, Right to life
Facts:

The primary applicant, the child of the second two applicants, was born prematurely and diagnosed with an “inguinal and umbilical hernia.” The child required a number of blood and plasma transfusions during the first two months of life, and the applicant parents purchased the required blood and plasma quantities from the Turkish Red Cross. Four …Read more

Tags: AIDS, Blood transfusion, Children, Compensation, Damages, Diagnostics, Duty of care, Health care professionals, Health care workers, Health expenditures, Health facilities, Health spending, HIV, HIV positive, HIV status, Indigent, Low income, Minor, Most-at-risk, Negligence, Out-of-pocket expenditures, People living with HIV/AIDS, PLHIV, Poor, Remedies, Standard of care, Subsidies, Testing, Tort, Underprivileged
Download Judgment: English

Gladkiy v. Russia

Country: Russia
Year: 2010
Court: European Court of Human Rights
Citation: Gladkiy v. Russia, App. No. 3242/03, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2010).
Health Topics: Health care and health services, Health systems and financing, Infectious diseases, Medicines, Prisons, Water, sanitation and hygiene
Human Rights: Freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, Right to due process/fair trial
Facts:

The applicant, a Russian citizen convicted of a criminal offense, was sent to a prison facility, where, upon arrival, he underwent a fluorography test that showed no symptoms a tuberculosis (TB) infection. Six months later, a follow-up fluorography examination revealed the existence of TB in the applicant’s left lung. Authorities transferred the applicant to the …Read more

Tags: Access to drugs, Access to health care, Access to medicines, Access to treatment, Cleanliness, Custody, Degrading treatment, Detainee, Detention, Humiliating treatment, Imprisonment, Incarceration, Inhuman treatment, Inmate, Lung disease, Prison conditions, Pulmonary disease, Respiratory diseases, TB, Tuberculosis
Download Judgment: English

Hajol v. Poland

Country: Poland
Year: 2010
Court: European Court of Human Rights
Citation: Hajol v. Poland, Application No. 1127/06, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2010).
Health Topics: Chronic and noncommunicable diseases, Health care and health services, Prisons
Human Rights: Freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, Right to liberty and security of person
Facts:

The applicant, Pawel Hajol, had been suffering from several illnesses including diabetes, arterial hypertension, and cirrhosis of the liver when he was arrested in 2004 for attempting to influence a trial during the exercise of his function as a prosecutor. The District Court of Krakow placed the applicant in provisional detention while authorities gathered evidence. …Read more

Tags: Access to health care, Access to treatment, Custody, Degrading treatment, Detainee, Detention, Diabetes, Imprisonment, Incarceration, Inmate, Liver disease, Noncommunicable diseases
Download Judgment: French Polish

Kozak v. Poland

Country: Poland
Year: 2010
Court: European Court of Human Rights
Citation: App. No. 13102/02, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2010).
Health Topics: Sexual and reproductive health
Human Rights: Freedom from discrimination, Right to housing
Facts:

A homosexual man claimed that his sexual orientation had been the single ground on which Polish courts had denied him the right to succeed to the tenancy of a flat in which he had lived with his partner. The applicant believed he had been refused the status of a person who had remained in actual …Read more

Tags: Gay, Homosexual, LGBTI, Queer, Sexual orientation
Download Judgment: English Polish